Macao’s gambling revenue increased from USD 2.8 billion in 2002 to USD 38 billion in 2018. Huang & To ( 2018) reported that the gambling industry is an important pillar of the economy and it employs over 20% of Macao’s labor force. Huang & To ( 2018) and Zhou ( 2020) reviewed the development of Macao’s casino industry and Ji & Kale ( 2022) studied Macao’s government policies on casino gambling after the liberalization of the gambling industry in 2002. Yet, lockdowns do not deter esports players, esports spectators, and video gamers to engage in esports betting and skin gambling (Greer et al., 2022). However, casinos have faced significant challenges in the past two years due to the Covid-19 outbreak that caused lockdowns in many countries and cities, prohibiting gamblers traveling to their destinations for casino gambling. In fact, the world’s casino and online gambling industry continuously grew to over USD 227 billion in 2020 (Lock, 2022). They reported that there were 989 casinos and over 16,600 electronic gaming device locations in the US as at the end of 2019, producing USD 43.6 billion revenue. Kim et al., ( 2021) studied corporate social responsibility reporting among 30 largest US casino companies. Additionally, there were over 2,400 gambling websites offering a wide range of gambling and betting services in 2011 (Pilling and Barlett, 2012). They noted that the world’s interactive gambling measured by gross gambling revenue increased from USD 11.7 billion in 2004 to USD 29.31 billion in 2010. Pilling and Barlett (2012) suggested that as the Internet technologies become more mature, the growth of the online gambling accelerates. Claussen & Miller ( 2001) noted that sports gambling and online sports gambling would grow rapidly after the millennium. Additionally, 92% of Americans considered casino gambling as an acceptable entertainment. increased by 15 times while 86% of Americans reported having gambled in 1998, comparing to 63% of Americans had done so in 1975. They reported that revenues from legal gambling including casinos, state-run lotteries, jai alai, horse racing, etc. Claussen & Miller ( 2001) reviewed the development of American gambling industry from 1970 to 1990 s. The world’s gambling industry has expanded rapidly over the past several decades (Claussen & Miller, 2001 Greer et al., 2022 Huang & To, 2018 Kim et al., 2021 Lock, 2022 Pilling & Barlett, 2012 Zhou 2020).
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